Solved! Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental)

Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental)

Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.

In many realms of medicine, objective diagnoses can be made: A clavicula is broken.  An infection is present. TSH levels meet the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Psychiatry, on the other hand, deals with psychological phenomena and behaviors. Can these, too, be “defined objectively and by scientific criteria (Gergen, 1985), or are they social constructions?” (Boland, Verduin, & Ruiz, 2022).

Thanks to myriad advances during recent decades, we know that psychopathology is caused by many interacting factors. Theoretical and clinical contributions to the field have come from the neural sciences, genetics, psychology, and social-cultural sciences. How do these factors impact the expression, classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of psychopathology, and why might it be important for a nurse practitioner to take a multidimensional, integrative approach?

Sample Expert Answer

Factors that Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Psychopathology results due to a combination of factors, which warrants the need for nurse practitioners to adopt integrated and multidimensional approach when addressing the health needs of patients with psychiatric health disorders. Patients and nurses can all benefit from this approach.

Factors that Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Biological-Genetic and Neuroscientific

Genetic and Neuroscientific factors are considered biological factors that affect the development of psychopathology, affecting its expression, classification, diagnosis and prevalence. In terms of expression, the manifestations of the symptoms depend on the genetic susceptibility. For example, the AKT1 gene variant is associated with heighted risk of psychosis (Boland, & Verduin, & Ruiz, 2022).

The biological factors also shape the description and diagnosis of the mental health disorders. The changes in chapters of diagnosis tools such as DSM, for instance, depend on structural brain differences and other neurobiological markers, which inform the changes made to these chapters.

Biological factors equally contribute to the prevalence of psychopathological disorders. For instance, a recent study revealed 62% MZ concordance for bipolar disorder. This suggests that some of these disorders hereditary.

Psychological-Behavioral and Cognitive Processes, Emotional and Developmental

Psychopathology may also develop due to psychological factors, with psychological factors like dysfunctional emotional regulation, distorted thinking, and acquired behavior influencing the manifestation of psychiatric disorders. This explains the reason why a traumatic experience during one’s childhood may end up causing anxiety-based disorders or other mental health conditions.

The highlighted psychological issues have shaped the development of the tools used to conduct psychological assessments, which provide detailed diagnostic insights, supporting the identification of the co-occurring disorders (Butcher & Kendall,2018).

The psychological factors affect the prevalence of mental health conditions exacerbate mental health disorders, and trigger some of these disorders. For instance, distorted emotions that lead to stress may end up causing depression to become prevalent.

Socials, Cultural, and Interpersonal Factors that Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Sociocultural and interpersonal factors like cultural norms results to variations in how people express symptoms. In western societies, it is common for people to emotionally express symptoms. This may also affect diagnosis especially if a patient, due to cultural reasons, withdraws some crucial information that may support diagnosis. The sociocultural and personal issues like poverty or certain religious beliefs that negatively affect people’s health-seeking behaviors may result to low uptake of psychiatric services. This may lead to the surge in psychiatric disorders (Jackson & Milberg, 2018).

The Need for Multidimensional and Integrative Approach

Nurse practitioners can draw significant benefits from a multidimensional and integrated approach when addressing patients’ psychiatric needs. With this approach, nurses are able to comprehensively understand the interplay of the various factors involved in causing psychopathology. This understanding is necessary in the sense that it helps support the diagnosis of the patient’s disorder. This kind of approach is also beneficial to patients given that it helps nurses come up with meaningful patient care intervention plan.

By adopting an integrated approach that combined various interventions, still, nurse practitioners are prepared to provide cultural competent care. This is because the integration of these interventions makes it possible for the nurse to address the various aspects of the patient’s needs including their psychosocial needs (Cheung & Mak,2018). The multidimensional intervention is also crucial to predicting patients’ risk of developing psychiatric disorders, prompting early intervention.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the development of the psychopathology involves the interplay of a wide range of factors including biological, psychological and sociocultural factors. Considering these factors when managing psychopathological disorders is crucial in the sense that it improves prevention and effective management of mental health disorders.

References

Boland, R. & Verduin, M. L. & Ruiz, P. (2022). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (12th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology, Vol. 2. (pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001.

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 127–147). AmericanPsychologicalAssociation. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006.

Jackson, C. E., & Milberg, W. P. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 65–90). American  Psychological Assciation. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-004.

More information:

Required Readings

• Boland, R. & Verduin, M. L. & Ruiz, P. (2022). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (12th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
  • Chapter 32 “Normal Development and Aging”
  • Chapter 33, “Contributions from the Neurosciences”
  • Chapter 34, “Contributions from the Behavioral and Social Sciences”
  • Chapter 31 “Global and Cultural Issues in Psychiatry”
  • Chapter 35 “A Brief History of Psychiatry”
• Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2. (pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001
• Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006
• Jackson, C. E., & Milberg, W. P. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 65–90). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-004
• Masten, A. S., & Kalstabakken, A. W. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2. (pp. 15–36). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-002
• Document: NRNP 6635 Mid-term Study Guide